MechScience: For mechanician & mechanical science

2003年Nature (2003, 426:389)上有一篇文章，是德克萨斯大学物理系的著名物理学家Steven Weinberg写的 “Four Golden Lessons”，是科学家对初涉科研生涯的学子们的一些忠告。暂且译为“四个黄金戒律”，内容编译如下：
1．边干边学，不要彷徨。当你开始接受一个新课题或进入一个新的研究领域时，往往会感到迷茫。经常遇到的问题是，我现在对这个领域的研究进展一无所知，或者如果我不详细了解已经开展的各种研究，我怎么去开展一个工作？实际上不必太彷徨，需要牢记的经验是：你必须立即开始你的研究工作，在工作过程中掌握你需要的知识。记住：没有一个人会知道所有的事情，你也不需要！
2．勇于创新，敢于挑战。当你在科学的海洋中遨游时，一定要敢于到险滩、未知的地方去闯闯。在选题时要去选择那些最有挑战性、争论最多、研究最少、还没有统一结论的课题，这些问题或领域往往是最有作为的，最容易有突破，最容易出成果。
3．忍受寂寞，注重过程。你要学会宽恕自己适当的“浪费”时间。在实际生活中，人们都想知道我选择的科学问题是否是很重要的或者是最重要的。但是要知道哪个问题是最重要的往往是很困难的，你也永远都不会知道在历史上的哪个时刻某一个科学问题将会被攻克。由于你不能肯定哪个科学问题是正确的，那么你在实验室或办公室中忙忙碌碌所化费的绝大多数时间有可能是白白“浪费”了的。但是，在科研生涯中，如果你想创新，那么你就必须习惯你所“浪费”的大多数时间不是在创新，而是很平静地在科学知识的海洋中漂流着。这个过程是你必须经历的过程。
4. 掌握历史，树立信心。你要学习有关科学史方面的知识，至少要知道你所从事的学科领域的发展历史。科学史对你的科研工作是很有帮助的，也可以使你感受到你工作的价值，还会增加自豪感。如果你在某个领域或某个科学问题上真的作出了成绩，在科学发展史上添了一笔，为人类作出了贡献，你怎么会有理由不自豪呢？

（说明：本文属于编译，如果没有表达作者的含义或曲解了作者的含义，编译者负责。）
转载自：http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=45320
转载自：http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=46783

CGiV09 - 6th International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization11~14 August 2009 - Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

http://www.graphicslink.co.uk/cgiv09/

Call for Paper, Symposium proposal, Poster, Abstract for PhD Workshop, Tutorial, Video, Digital Art, Exhibition and Participation

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  Accepted papers will be published by IEEE Computer Society Press, posted in IEEE Digital Library, and indexed with the major indices.
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  Selected accepted paper will be invited paper will be included in the special issues of journals.

Theme and scope is planned as series of symposia with details and further information is available at: http://www.graphicslink.co.uk/cgiv09/symposia.htm

For submission and conference registration, please log into the online conference management system <http://www.conftool.net/cgiv09/ >

Hotel accommodation details and booking form is available on: http://www.graphicslink.co.uk/cgiv09/VENUE.htm

Pre-conference PhD workshop planned for 11 August 2009. Further details are available from http://www.graphicslink.co.uk/cgiv09/cgiv_PhD_Workshop.htm )

Important dates: http://www.graphicslink.co.uk/cgiv09/DATES.htm

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Conference Co-ordinatorP.O. BOX 29, HATFIELD, AL9 7ZL, United Kingdom
T: (Int. +44) 1707 - 652 224
F: (Int. +44) 1707 - 652 247
E: cgiv09@graphicslink.co.uk
URL: http://www.graphicslink.co.uk/cgiv09/

Australia is the host for the 9th World Congress on Computational Mechanics and 4th Asian Pacific Congress on Computational Mechanics in 2010. Sydney is without a doubt one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It has a reputation for friendly people, a cosmopolitan lifestyle, wonderful shopping and world class entertainment. Our magnificent harbour, renowned Opera House and sunny beaches combine to make Sydney a unique destination.
The congress and exhibition will be held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Darling Harbour, which is adjacent to the heart of the city. The centre offers first class facilities to delegates, presenters and exhibitors alike and is the focal point of Darling Harbour which itself is alive with shops, restaurants and visitor attractions. Hotel accommodation of all standards is within walking distance from the Convention Centre.


Source : http://www.wccm2010.com/intro.htm

The 2009 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA 2009) will take place in Changchun, Jilin, China from August 9 to August 12, 2009.
Contributed Papers: All papers must be submitted in PDF format prepared strictly following the IEEE PDF Requirements for Creating PDF Documents for IEEE Xplore®. The standard number of pages is 6 and the maximum page limit is 8 pages with extra payment for the two extra pages. See detailed instructions in the conference web site. All paper accepted by IEEE ICMA 2009 will be indexed by EI and included in IEEE Xplore®.
http://www.ieee-icma.org/

I mean how to write good papers. Research Evaluation is one of hard tasks in scientific management. because it needs to judge about something that it is not in the field of manager experts. alwayse there was different factors to do such evaluations. number of papers published by a special scientist, impact factor of journals he published his papers in, and number of citations he recieved are different factors for evaluation of scientists performance. citation number is must popular factor in use toay. it used for evaluation of university facuties in universities and in university rankings. it also used for evaluation of scientific impact of nations and determine impact factor of scientific journals. then what's the way to write a highly cited paper. I spent about a year to find out this way. these are results of my study in this regard.

Scienctific society is a large and complicated chain construced of individual researchers as loops. then it is very hard and sometimes really imposible to identify everyone's role in achieve an important scientific aim. you can not correspond every scientific discovery just to one people. of course we like to do it becasue we always had a hero and champion in our life from our childness but it is not always true specially in science. for example computers have very important role in science today. we always use "Search motors" such as Google or etc. but we dont refer them in each of our papers. then we cant not always trust to evaluations based on citations because all factors and important resources are not mentioned in them. another misleading thing is all cited papers are not used equally. for example each scientific paper is based on several pervious published papers but it mention too many other papers as a reference for reader or as a historical review.
1. Describe a real physcial phonemena
I have seen many papers in my life who had written just to solve a just a problem. they overcomed many computational difficulties but at the end they proint out not important result. i think this is really waste of time and energy on these synthetic problems when there are important problems unsolved in the world. try to find these important unsolved problems and then solve them. not just solve some problems to make more papers.
2. How to find a valuable problems.
I mentioned that the scientific society is a chain constructed of different research groups. every research group use result of other research groups. try to find out which group of research teams or individual researcher use your papers and then try to comply their needs. just think science as a bussiness. this business needs marketting to improve. then do this marketing before selection of a topic to research. read papers of people who use your works even speak with them or do joint work with them to find out their needs. then i repeat again that dont just read papers in your topic read paper of people who use your papers to see their need. then READ MORE PAPERS.
3. Just think science as a business. Marketing is important factor in success.
Must researchers just think about what they can do interesting with their skills and laboratory facilities . but it is not true. just think about people who read your papers and want to use it. how you can help them. what they need. imagine your self as a virtual reader to see how a reader can use your work.
4. Develop a suitable model not a very general and complex models
dont just try to develop a very complicated model which can solver more general problems then befire. most general method is already exist. people can model their systems with modlling constructing atoms and their interaction with quantum mechanics but it is a really impossible one!. complex models have two important disadvantages as below
1. first disadvantage of more complex models it is harder to describe a system. complex models often need more variables to describe a system and finding these values are not so easy in practice. then people need to estimate these variables and these result to their accuracy become low as like as less accurate models.
2. complex models need more time to learning, programming, and even in computation time.
then they never would use complex models if simpler models can result similar conclusions.then try to develop a model which is logical. note that your model is always different from real model which are in use in practice then try a model which have logical simplicfication. always remember very simple formuala for error of the result. error is the result is greatest error of error producers. then if you ignore one source of error in your model then it is very funny to analyze another factor which may be more negligible. or when your model is different from what is in use in practice. note this difference and neglect factors that add accuracy more that is between overall accuracy of your model.
5. think about usefullness of results
try to develop a simple model who can show important trends and specially important behaviour of the system as a leading for experimentalis peoples which deal with real systems. one of main important duties of theoretical science is determine the order of importance for one factor not how a factor can affect a result. people can do experiment to see how is effect of a factor exactly. as a theoretical scientist you must convince expermentialist to do such experiments even if they are hard. this was exactly what Albert Einestein did!. try to make a paper when your result have concluded to an important point which is valuable to note. not just when you solved a problem. then as i think most important role of theoritians is find out impotant variables in a physical phonamena and their overall impact on results.
6. Joint work is a magic strategy.
because every scientist knowledge of science is limited any way. it is very beneficial to consult with bigger society very much. then Joint work is very important. more people would read the work before it be in hands of the reader. every person can imagine himself by reader as a different point of point of view. number of authors always has been an determining factor in citation number.
7. interdisciplinary work speccially joint with different field experts
Large percent of citations to a paper always been from peoples in topics far from main authors topic. then try to consult with these people to make something better for their important consumers. interdisciplinary works are good in another point of view. people of a any science built what they could built. they need a professional in another science to build something that they dont know how to build.
8. international works and alliances and also advertising!
Althought there exist a internet and it is a international network. it is very large network. and sometimes your work would not be seen by its real costumer. then try to advertise your work if you think that is valuable. this can be done by submit your work to international conferences and discuss with people there.
9. dont forget IMPACT FACTOR and RELEVANCE Of Journal to your work
Reviewers are very important part to determine the quality of your work. Try to submit your paper to a journal which is more relevant to your work. (Impact factor is not important in this level). because such journal have more expert reviewr in that field. but if there are many journals who publish such works send it to journal with higher impact factor. for example if your work is really related toVibration of systems Journal of Sound and Vibration is very good. (in addition to NATURE!) but this is not Best Journal if your work is related to even Acoustics. in that field (Journal of Acoustical Society of America) is better. or Dispersion Science and Technology impact factor is near to 1 by if your work is related to ultrasonics in solutions send it to Ultrasonics.
10. Marketing is most important in EXPERIMENTAL WORKS.
Some expermentialists thinks because their work is experimental in nature. it is practical and it dont need marketing. note that there are infinity number of systems you can build in the world. from systems consisteed of several Atoms to milions of them. which is really needed?. you need to read papers and speak with people to see what is their difficulty with current available systems. which property in new systems are really important. even listening to news is important. Climate change is special topic then NO2 and CO2 are two important compounds. HIV is disease of the century. which reactions are related to that? with these news and papers you can even predict what is the next revolution and which topics are revolutionary in these decade.
11. Science is a stream which everyone must swim in its direction
Note that is not just a result of work of one people. it is a result of the whole society. its social aspects are important as well as its professional aspects. every time in each level of the time some discoveries must be done by scientists. Finite element method become useful when computers come into scene. and DNA damage and RNA damage are important because they are related to current disease. scientists who dont pay attention in the level of science are not so successful today. then try to be part of new discoveries and try to predict next revolutions to be part of that.
12." Easy to Use" and "Easy to Develop", also "OPEN SOURCE" and "Open archetecture"
Try to make your work easy to use. laziness are one of important characters of humankind. people have no time to learn your hard way to state any thing. state any thing in easiest way that even a school student can understant what you say. if you develop a package make it OPEN SOURCE and READABLE too. open source packages are not beneficial if they not be READIBLE. in this regard to build your program and tool with open architecture who any one can use it as he/she wants. market is very important thing as you know in experimetal devices. think about how your work may progress and enhance. and let people to do it. it will result in progress of your work in addition to citation for you.
13. Pay attention more too result than tools or methods you used or category which your work belong to
if you use high-tech elements in your work it dont means your work is really a progress. what is important is what is physical and practical result of your work in real world. even if be by must elementary things. ROD LAKES made negative poission ratio foams with laws from elementary geomtery. (if i think true). number of citation your recieve if you dont abuse is very related to number of people who can use your works. then just ask your self this simple question more and more how people can use my work. it is not important you work be in highly cited group just try to do something beneficial to mankind. your work would be cited.
14. FOCUS on an AIM
it dont contradicts with interdisiplinary work. do something complete. ant try to reach a big AIM. doing one thing GREAT is very better than doing somany things but small. have an aim which can improve science very much. each paper is a step to reach that goal.
15. FOCUS on Elements
if you work experimental focus on elements of a system is better than whole system. if you are writing computational tasks witing a program who can do something special very good is better than develop a new general computational soft and if you work on biology focus on one aspect is very better than doing general experiments. because general concepts are discussed very much and today small concepts are future general concepts.

http://www.imechanica.org/node/2798

This year, the ASME Congress tradition continues in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, with a technical program that promises to be the most extensive and diverse we've ever had, featuring the latest cutting-edge engineering research with nearly 350 sessions.

Various forums, workshops, seminars, social events and hands-on product demonstrations at the exposition give you the opportunity to exchange ideas, network, and explore new perspectives of fellow professionals from hundreds of different companies, industries, and companies from around the world.
Topics include:

Track 1 Advances in Aerospace Technology
Track 2 Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering
Track 3 Combustion Science and Engineering
Track 4 Design and Manufacturing
Track 5 Electronics and Photonics
Track 6 Emerging Technologies (In Structural and Materials Aspects of Alternative Energy Systems)
Track 7 Energy Systems: Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability
Track 8 Engineering Education and Professional Development
Track 9 Engineering to Address Climate Change
Track 10 Heat Transfer, Fluid Flows, and Thermal Systems
Track 11 Mechanical Systems and Control
Track 12 Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Fluids
Track 13 Micro and Nano Systems
Track 14 New Developments in Simulation Methods and Software for Engineering Applications
Track 15 Processing and Engineering Applications of Novel Materials
Track 16 Recent Advances in Engineering
Track 17 Safety Engineering, Risk Analysis and Reliability Methods
Track 18 Sustainable Products and Processes
Track 19 Transportation Systems
Track 20 Sound, Vibration and Design
Submit your abstract today!

要点：1. 人生也有涯,而知也无涯, 不必要做到全知全能; 2. 未知的天地更广阔; 3. 在平静的海洋中灵感的浪花才能显现; 4. 以史为鉴,可以知得失。

Scientist: Four golden lessons STEVEN WEINBERG Steven Weinberg is in the Department of Physics, the University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA. This essay is based on a commencement talk given by the author at the Science Convocation at McGill University in June.

1. When I received my undergraduate degree — about a hundred years ago — the physics literature seemed to me a vast, unexplored ocean, every part of which I had to chart before beginning any research of my own. How could I do anything without knowing everything that had already been done? Fortunately, in my first year of graduate school, I had the good luck to fall into the hands of senior physicists who insisted, over my anxious objections, that I must start doing research, and pick up what I needed to know as I went along. It was sink or swim. To my surprise, I found that this works. I managed to get a quick PhD — though when I got it I knew almost nothing about physics. But I did learn one big thing: that no one knows everything, and you don't have to.
2. Another lesson to be learned, to continue using my oceanographic metaphor, is that while you are swimming and not sinking you should aim for rough water. When I was teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1960s, a student told me that he wanted to go into general relativity rather than the area I was working on, elementary particle physics, because the principles of the former were well known, while the latter seemed like a mess to him. It struck me that he had just given a perfectly good reason for doing the opposite. Particle physics was an area where creative work could still be done. It really was a mess in the 1960s, but since that time the work of many theoretical and experimental physicists has been able to sort it out, and put everything (well, almost everything) together in a beautiful theory known as the standard model. My advice is to go for the messes — that's where the action is.
3. My third piece of advice is probably the hardest to take. It is to forgive yourself for wasting time. Students are only asked to solve problems that their professors (unless unusually cruel) know to be solvable. In addition, it doesn't matter if the problems are scientifically important — they have to be solved to pass the course. But in the real world, it's very hard to know which problems are important, and you never know whether at a given moment in history a problem is solvable. At the beginning of the twentieth century, several leading physicists, including Lorentz and Abraham, were trying to work out a theory of the electron. This was partly in order to understand why all attempts to detect effects of Earth's motion through the ether had failed. We now know that they were working on the wrong problem. At that time, no one could have developed a successful theory of the electron, because quantum mechanics had not yet been discovered. It took the genius of Albert Einstein in 1905 to realize that the right problem on which to work was the effect of motion on measurements of space and time. This led him to the special theory of relativity. As you will never be sure which are the right problems to work on, most of the time that you spend in the laboratory or at your desk will be wasted. If you want to be creative, then you will have to get used to spending most of your time not being creative, to being becalmed on the ocean of scientific knowledge.
4. Finally, learn something about the history of science, or at a minimum the history of your own branch of science. The least important reason for this is that the history may actually be of some use to you in your own scientific work. For instance, now and then scientists are hampered by believing one of the over?simplified models of science that have been proposed by philosophers from Francis Bacon to Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. The best antidote to the philosophy of science is a knowledge of the history of science. More importantly, the history of science can make your work seem more worthwhile to you. As a scientist, you're probably not going to get rich.

Your friends and relatives probably won't understand what you're doing. And if you work in a field like elementary particle physics, you won't even have the satisfaction of doing something that is immediately useful. But you can get great satisfaction by recognizing that your work in science is a part of history. Look back 100 years, to 1903. How important is it now who was Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1903, or President of the United States? What stands out as really important is that at McGill University, Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy were working out the nature of radioactivity. This work (of course!) had practical applications, but much more important were its cultural implications. The understanding of radioactivity allowed physicists to explain how the Sun and Earth's cores could still be hot after millions of years. In this way, it removed the last scientific objection to what many geologists and paleontologists thought was the great age of the Earth and the Sun. After this, Christians and Jews either had to give up belief in the literal truth of the Bible or resign themselves to intellectual irrelevance. This was just one step in a sequence of steps from Galileo through Newton and Darwin to the present that, time after time, has weakened the hold of religious dogmatism. Reading any newspaper nowadays is enough to show you that this work is not yet complete. But it is civilizing work, of which scientists are able to feel proud.